Well water in Madison County, Alabama
1in10
Testing recommended
tested well samples in Madison County exceeded the EPA limit for nitrate (10 mg/L), based on public data from USGS Water Quality Portal.
1,872 test results across 14 contaminants from at least 89 wells, 1968 to 2024; iron has the most at 390. Data refreshed September 15, 2026.
Compiled by Nick at Well Water Nerd from public records. How these pages are built
An estimated 10,431 people in Madison County get their drinking water from a private well, per USGS 2015 county water use. That is about 3% of residents.
Separately, the USGS national arsenic model estimates that <1% of the 10,431 people on private wells in Madison County draw water above 10 ug/L, from geology and well depth rather than local tests.
What individual samples found
Each row summarizes every public sample for that contaminant inside Madison County. Above limit means above the EPA maximum contaminant level; where EPA has no enforceable limit, the row shows a health guideline or nuisance level instead.
| Contaminant | Above limit | Samples | Detected | Median | Highest | Limit |
|---|---|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate 1968 to 2024 | 295 | 98% | 1.9 | 35.4 | 10 mg/L EPA limit | |
| PFOS 2022 | 10 | 40% | 0 | 18 | 4 ng/L EPA limit | |
| PFOA 2022 | 10 | 10% | 0 | 10 | 4 ng/L EPA limit | |
| Fluoride 1968 to 2022 | 209 | 72% | 0.1 | 4.6 | 4 mg/L EPA limit | |
| Lead 1972 to 2022 | 164 | 63% | 0 | 100 | 15 ug/L EPA limit | |
| Copper 1972 to 2022 | 160 | 84% | 0 | 0.29 | 1.3 mg/L EPA limit | |
| Arsenic 1972 to 2022 | 146 | 57% | 0.09 | 5 | 10 ug/L EPA limit | |
| Uranium 1999 to 2022 | 42 | 55% | 0.01 | 1.93 | 30 ug/L EPA limit | |
| E. coli 1999 to 2001 | 18 | 0% | 0 | 0 | 0 MPN/100mL EPA limit | |
| Radium (226 + 228) 1999 | 12 | 92% | 0 | 0 | 5 pCi/L EPA limit | |
| Iron 1970 to 2024 | no limit | 390 | 86% | 110 | 72,000 | 300 ug/L nuisance level |
| Sodium 1970 to 2022 | no limit | 207 | 100% | 2.8 | 11,800 | 20 mg/L health guideline |
| Manganese 1971 to 2022 | no limit | 202 | 91% | 69.0 | 18,000 | 300 ug/L health guideline |
Sampled fewer than 10 times, too few to summarize: Radon (7).
Over time
Share of samples above the limit by period. A cell needs ten samples to show; a comparison needs twenty in each period. Later periods sample fewer wells, and often the ones already known to have a problem.
| Contaminant | before 2000 | 2000s | 2010s | 2020s |
|---|---|---|---|---|
| Nitrate | 9%188 samples | 12%50 samples | 19%32 samples | 12%25 samples |
| Fluoride | 1%161 samples | 0%25 samples | 0%13 samples | 0%10 samples |
| Lead | <1%129 samples | 0%12 samples | 0%13 samples | 0%10 samples |
| Copper | 0%125 samples | 0%12 samples | 0%13 samples | 0%10 samples |
| Arsenic | 0%111 samples | 0%12 samples | 0%13 samples | 0%10 samples |
| Uranium | n/a | 0%12 samples | 0%13 samples | 0%10 samples |
Nitrate above the limit in Madison County fell from 19% of 32 samples in the 2010s to 12% of 25 in the 2020s.
Fluoride has held within a few points between the two most recent periods with enough samples.
Closer than the county
See the sampled wells near your address
The same records, drawn around one point: which wells within a few miles were sampled and what they found, how deep the wells next to you were drilled, and any leaking tank or cleanup site within a mile.
Check my addressWhat this means
The contaminants most often above their limit here are nitrate (11% of 295 samples), pfos (10% of 10 samples), and pfoa (10% of 10 samples). A well next door can differ sharply from yours because bedrock fractures, well depth and plumbing all matter, so these rates describe the area, not your tap.
Iron and Manganese are widespread in local groundwater. They are mainly a staining and taste problem, but high manganese also carries a health advisory for infants.
What to test for in Madison County
- 1Nitrate11% of 295 local samples were above the limit.
- 2PFOS10% of 10 local samples were above the limit.
- 3PFOA10% of 10 local samples were above the limit.
- 4Fluoride<1% of 209 local samples were above the limit.
- 5Lead<1% of 164 local samples were above the limit.
- 6Coliform bacteriaRecommended for every private well, every year.
- 7RadonMedian local reading is 550 pCi/L.
Test your Madison County well for nitrate, PFOS and PFOA
Certified lab analysis of your own tap water, bottles and prepaid return shipping included. The Essential well panel covers arsenic, uranium, nitrate, lead, copper, manganese, iron, sodium and bacteria; radon and PFAS are add-ons.
Order the Tap Score well water test kit, from $209Already tested? Upload the report
Just want bacteria checked first? Tap Score coliform and E. coli test, $99. Coliform and E. coli are the tests every well needs every year.
Want a quick look before paying for a lab? Home well water test strips on Amazon check hardness, iron, pH and nitrate in minutes. They are a screen, not a result: arsenic, bacteria, uranium and PFAS need a certified lab.
Affiliate links: the merchant pays us a commission and the price is the same for you. It does not change what the data above says. As an Amazon Associate we earn from qualifying purchases.
Where to get a well tested in Alabama: certified labs, state programs and prices.
Already have results back? Get your lab report read against the Madison County numbers, $29. Every line explained, ranked by what matters, with the fix for each.
The rock under Madison County
Mississippian aquifers
Sandstone and carbonate-rock. Layered sandstone and limestone means a well may draw from either. Hardness and iron are routine, and the limestone layers can carry bacteria and nitrate from the surface quickly, so test for both yearly.
Classification from the USGS Principal Aquifers of the United States (national map, 2003 edition, GIS release 2015), read at the county centroid. A single well can sit in a different unit, especially near a boundary.
Official help in Alabama
Two places to start that are not selling anything: the state program that answers private well questions, and its list of labs certified to run drinking water tests. A certified lab is the difference between a result you can act on and a number.
Treatment that fits the local profile
Nitrate
Point-of-use reverse osmosis; Anion exchange; Distillation
PFOS
Granular activated carbon whole-house; Point-of-use reverse osmosis; Anion exchange
PFOA
Granular activated carbon whole-house; Point-of-use reverse osmosis; Anion exchange
Fluoride
Point-of-use reverse osmosis; Activated alumina; Distillation
Lead
Point-of-use reverse osmosis; Certified lead-removal carbon filter; Neutralizing filter to raise pH and stop leaching
Systems we would look at first
Some links below are affiliate links. If you buy through one, the merchant pays us a commission at no extra cost to you. It does not change which products we list or what the data says.
For nitrate
Under-sink reverse osmosis system
under-sink or countertop, about $300
Look for NSF/ANSI 58 certification listing the contaminant you need removed.
For nitrate
Aquasana SmartFlow reverse osmosis
under-sink or countertop, about $225
Certified to NSF/ANSI 58 and 53 to reduce arsenic (96%, pentavalent), fluoride (90%), lead (99%), nitrate, nitrite and PFOA/PFOS at the kitchen tap, with a remineralizer.
For PFOS
Aquasana Claryum 3-Stage under-sink filter
under-sink or countertop, about $175
Certified to NSF/ANSI 53 to reduce 99% of lead and 99.7% of PFOA and PFOS at the tap. Not a fix for arsenic, nitrate or bacteria.
For PFOS
Whole-house PFAS carbon system
whole-house, at the point of entry, about $3,000
Granular activated carbon certified to NSF/ANSI 53 for PFOA and PFOS; replace media on schedule.
For PFOS
Aquasana HealthShield whole-house filter
whole-house, at the point of entry, about $2,099
Whole-house carbon system the maker certifies to reduce PFAS (PFOA and PFOS) and VOCs at every tap; a UV option adds bacteria protection.
For lead
Acid neutralizing filter
whole-house, at the point of entry, about $1,200
Raises pH so plumbing stops leaching lead and copper.
Free, no obligation
Get on the list for a free in-home water test in Madison County
No water treatment company serves Madison County through Well Water Nerd yet. We are signing licensed companies on county by county: they test at your tap for free, walk you through the numbers, and quote treatment only if something needs fixing. Leave your details and you are first in line. Nothing is shared until a company joins for Madison County, and you get an email naming it first.
Common questions
Is there arsenic in well water in Madison County?
Arsenic was detected in 57% of 146 public well samples in Madison County, and 0% were above the EPA limit of 10 ug/L. Arsenic has no taste or smell; a lab test is the only way to know your level.
How often should I test a private well in Madison County?
Test for bacteria and nitrate every year. Test once for arsenic, uranium, radon, fluoride, manganese and PFAS, then again every three to five years or after any change in taste, color, or plumbing.
Counties near Madison County
Closest first. Groundwater does not stop at a line on a map, so the next county over is a fair second opinion.
Want the numbers themselves? Download the Alabama dataset as CSV, every county and town, with the sources named.
Sources
- USGS Water Quality Portal: 1,872 samples in Madison County. Data from the Water Quality Portal, a service of USGS, EPA and USDA; groundwater samples collected by USGS and cooperators. Retrieved September 3, 2026.
- USGS national arsenic model (Ayotte 2017): estimated share of 10,431 people on private wells in Madison County above 10 ug/L of arsenic, from geology, well depth and land use. County estimates of domestic well users with arsenic above 10 ug/L from the USGS national logistic regression model (Ayotte, Medalie and Qi, 2017), with private well population from the USGS 2015 county water-use compilation (Dieter and others, 2018). Retrieved September 15, 2026.
Non-detects count as samples and are treated as zero when computing medians. Exactly at the limit counts as not above it. A sample belongs to the town containing the well's reported coordinates.